Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 51 Researches
7.1
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 5 Reviews
8.2
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Soft Gel
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
5
Total Fat
0.5 g
1%**
Cholesterol
<5mg
<2%
Vitamin A (from cod live oil and retinyl palmitate)
27 mcg RAE
3%
Vitamin D (as cholecalciferol) (from cod liver oil and cholecalciferol concentrate)
100 mcg (4,000 IU)
500%
Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopherol)
0.67 mg
4%
Norwegian Cod Liver Oil
500 mg
†
Total Omega-3 fatty Acids☆
115 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)☆
50 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)☆
42 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
9
Cod liver oil shows potential benefits
We explored the impact of cod liver oil on cardiovascular health, particularly its influence on heart disease processes. While marine fish consumption offers some benefits, high doses of fish oil can raise certain cholesterol levels and potentially increase risks.
In our study, we observed that when swine were given an atherogenic diet along with cod liver oil, important reductions in harmful monocyte adhesions and platelet clumping occurred. This suggests that fish oil may help improve blood flow and could be less risky than previously thought.
However, while promising, these effects from cod liver oil need more investigation to clarify their relevance in humans.
In our study, we observed that when swine were given an atherogenic diet along with cod liver oil, important reductions in harmful monocyte adhesions and platelet clumping occurred. This suggests that fish oil may help improve blood flow and could be less risky than previously thought.
However, while promising, these effects from cod liver oil need more investigation to clarify their relevance in humans.
Read More
9
We set out to explore how vitamin D impacts the formation of foam cells from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are key players in the development of atherosclerosis. Our investigation centered on whether vitamin D could suppress the creation of these foam cells and the potential involvement of a receptor called Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in this process.
Using ApoE-/- mice, we assessed the effects of vitamin D supplementation on atherosclerotic plaque formation and looked at the expression of important genes related to cholesterol transport and TLR4. The results were promising—supplemental vitamin D significantly reduced the formation of foam cells and atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. We noticed that vitamin D not only decreased the expression of TLR4 and other foam cell markers but also encouraged the upregulation of cholesterol transport proteins that help maintain healthy cell function.
In laboratory conditions, vitamin D proved effective in reducing the uptake of oxidized LDL by VSMCs while enhancing the efflux of cholesterol. Notably, we discovered that knocking down TLR4 impaired foam cell formation, suggesting its critical role in this process.
Overall, our findings highlight that vitamin D might be a protective agent against cardiovascular disease by reducing foam cell formation through the JNK-TLR4 signaling pathway. This suggests a potential avenue for dealing with atherosclerotic disease through vitamin D treatment.
Using ApoE-/- mice, we assessed the effects of vitamin D supplementation on atherosclerotic plaque formation and looked at the expression of important genes related to cholesterol transport and TLR4. The results were promising—supplemental vitamin D significantly reduced the formation of foam cells and atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. We noticed that vitamin D not only decreased the expression of TLR4 and other foam cell markers but also encouraged the upregulation of cholesterol transport proteins that help maintain healthy cell function.
In laboratory conditions, vitamin D proved effective in reducing the uptake of oxidized LDL by VSMCs while enhancing the efflux of cholesterol. Notably, we discovered that knocking down TLR4 impaired foam cell formation, suggesting its critical role in this process.
Overall, our findings highlight that vitamin D might be a protective agent against cardiovascular disease by reducing foam cell formation through the JNK-TLR4 signaling pathway. This suggests a potential avenue for dealing with atherosclerotic disease through vitamin D treatment.
Read More
9
We investigated whether cod liver oil could help with cardiovascular problems caused by diabetes in rats. Over 12 weeks, diabetic rats treated with cod liver oil showed improvements in weight gain and prevented harmful cholesterol and triglyceride levels. While it only partially controlled blood sugar, it significantly improved heart function. The oil also helped prevent damage in heart tissue and restored some normal responses in the heart to neurohormones. Although effective in these areas, it didn't eliminate all issues caused by diabetes.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Strengthens immune system
The Vitamin Complex Solar D Gems from Carlson Labs includes vitamin D3, Omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins A and E. The Omega-3s help my cardiovascular health, brain function, and cholesterol levels. I highly recommend this supplement for overall health as it boosts immunity and aids in managing cardiovascular disease.
Read More
7.5
Supports cardiovascular health
1 people found this helpful
It is very convenient to have a year’s supply of capsules in one jar, allowing me to focus on my health without worrying about reordering. The 4000 IU dosage is ideal for maintaining my vitamin D levels, and the small capsules are easy to swallow. Importantly, the inclusion of Omega-3, and vitamins A and E, supports my immunity and cardiovascular disease health.
Read More
7.5
Promotes bone health
This D3 supplement with Omega from cod liver is excellent for absorption. It supports bone health and is beneficial for the cardiovascular disease system. The dosage is good, and the brand consistently provides top quality.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 51 Researches
7.1
- All Researches
9
We set out to explore how vitamin D impacts the formation of foam cells from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are key players in the development of atherosclerosis. Our investigation centered on whether vitamin D could suppress the creation of these foam cells and the potential involvement of a receptor called Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in this process.
Using ApoE-/- mice, we assessed the effects of vitamin D supplementation on atherosclerotic plaque formation and looked at the expression of important genes related to cholesterol transport and TLR4. The results were promising—supplemental vitamin D significantly reduced the formation of foam cells and atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. We noticed that vitamin D not only decreased the expression of TLR4 and other foam cell markers but also encouraged the upregulation of cholesterol transport proteins that help maintain healthy cell function.
In laboratory conditions, vitamin D proved effective in reducing the uptake of oxidized LDL by VSMCs while enhancing the efflux of cholesterol. Notably, we discovered that knocking down TLR4 impaired foam cell formation, suggesting its critical role in this process.
Overall, our findings highlight that vitamin D might be a protective agent against cardiovascular disease by reducing foam cell formation through the JNK-TLR4 signaling pathway. This suggests a potential avenue for dealing with atherosclerotic disease through vitamin D treatment.
Using ApoE-/- mice, we assessed the effects of vitamin D supplementation on atherosclerotic plaque formation and looked at the expression of important genes related to cholesterol transport and TLR4. The results were promising—supplemental vitamin D significantly reduced the formation of foam cells and atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. We noticed that vitamin D not only decreased the expression of TLR4 and other foam cell markers but also encouraged the upregulation of cholesterol transport proteins that help maintain healthy cell function.
In laboratory conditions, vitamin D proved effective in reducing the uptake of oxidized LDL by VSMCs while enhancing the efflux of cholesterol. Notably, we discovered that knocking down TLR4 impaired foam cell formation, suggesting its critical role in this process.
Overall, our findings highlight that vitamin D might be a protective agent against cardiovascular disease by reducing foam cell formation through the JNK-TLR4 signaling pathway. This suggests a potential avenue for dealing with atherosclerotic disease through vitamin D treatment.
Read More
9
We explored the impact of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from cod liver oil on heart health, especially following a heart attack (myocardial infarction). Using various models, we found that DHA increased heart cell survival under low oxygen conditions and lessened overall heart damage.
It also improved heart function and decreased scar tissue formation. By enhancing autophagy—a natural cell cleanup process—DHA showed promise in protecting heart tissue by activating important signaling pathways. Ultimately, our study suggests that DHA can help in heart recovery after serious damage.
It also improved heart function and decreased scar tissue formation. By enhancing autophagy—a natural cell cleanup process—DHA showed promise in protecting heart tissue by activating important signaling pathways. Ultimately, our study suggests that DHA can help in heart recovery after serious damage.
Read More
9
We investigated whether cod liver oil could help with cardiovascular problems caused by diabetes in rats. Over 12 weeks, diabetic rats treated with cod liver oil showed improvements in weight gain and prevented harmful cholesterol and triglyceride levels. While it only partially controlled blood sugar, it significantly improved heart function. The oil also helped prevent damage in heart tissue and restored some normal responses in the heart to neurohormones. Although effective in these areas, it didn't eliminate all issues caused by diabetes.
Read More
9
Cod liver oil shows potential benefits
We explored the impact of cod liver oil on cardiovascular health, particularly its influence on heart disease processes. While marine fish consumption offers some benefits, high doses of fish oil can raise certain cholesterol levels and potentially increase risks.
In our study, we observed that when swine were given an atherogenic diet along with cod liver oil, important reductions in harmful monocyte adhesions and platelet clumping occurred. This suggests that fish oil may help improve blood flow and could be less risky than previously thought.
However, while promising, these effects from cod liver oil need more investigation to clarify their relevance in humans.
In our study, we observed that when swine were given an atherogenic diet along with cod liver oil, important reductions in harmful monocyte adhesions and platelet clumping occurred. This suggests that fish oil may help improve blood flow and could be less risky than previously thought.
However, while promising, these effects from cod liver oil need more investigation to clarify their relevance in humans.
Read More
9
We conducted a network meta-analysis to investigate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid, on heart failure management. By examining various randomized controlled trials, we aimed to understand how different dosages and durations of supplementation impact heart function.
Our findings revealed that high-dose supplementation—ranging from 2000 to 4000 mg per day—over more than one year significantly improved heart function, particularly left ventricular ejection fraction and peak oxygen consumption. This indicates a promising role for docosahexaenoic acid in enhancing cardiovascular health in patients dealing with heart failure.
However, we also noted that lower doses and shorter treatment periods did not yield the same benefits. Importantly, the analysis showed no significant increase in dropout rates or all-cause mortality associated with omega-3 supplementation when compared to control groups.
Overall, the evidence suggests that long-term, high-dose docosahexaenoic acid supplementation can positively influence heart function without heightened risk. Future research should focus on more rigorous trials to further validate these findings and address any biases.
Our findings revealed that high-dose supplementation—ranging from 2000 to 4000 mg per day—over more than one year significantly improved heart function, particularly left ventricular ejection fraction and peak oxygen consumption. This indicates a promising role for docosahexaenoic acid in enhancing cardiovascular health in patients dealing with heart failure.
However, we also noted that lower doses and shorter treatment periods did not yield the same benefits. Importantly, the analysis showed no significant increase in dropout rates or all-cause mortality associated with omega-3 supplementation when compared to control groups.
Overall, the evidence suggests that long-term, high-dose docosahexaenoic acid supplementation can positively influence heart function without heightened risk. Future research should focus on more rigorous trials to further validate these findings and address any biases.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 5 Reviews
8.2
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Strengthens immune system
The Vitamin Complex Solar D Gems from Carlson Labs includes vitamin D3, Omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins A and E. The Omega-3s help my cardiovascular health, brain function, and cholesterol levels. I highly recommend this supplement for overall health as it boosts immunity and aids in managing cardiovascular disease.
Read More
7.5
Supports cardiovascular health
1 people found this helpful
It is very convenient to have a year’s supply of capsules in one jar, allowing me to focus on my health without worrying about reordering. The 4000 IU dosage is ideal for maintaining my vitamin D levels, and the small capsules are easy to swallow. Importantly, the inclusion of Omega-3, and vitamins A and E, supports my immunity and cardiovascular disease health.
Read More
7.5
Promotes bone health
This D3 supplement with Omega from cod liver is excellent for absorption. It supports bone health and is beneficial for the cardiovascular disease system. The dosage is good, and the brand consistently provides top quality.
Read More
7.5
Supports heart function
The high-quality Omega and vitamin D3 are perfect for maintaining my cardiovascular health, skin, immune system, and nervous function. This supplement lowers cholesterol, features a natural composition, and has a pleasant lemon taste. The large packaging holds a substantial amount, providing excellent value.
Read More
6
Eases bone pain
I found this supplement beneficial as I take one capsule daily for a year’s worth. Containing vitamins A, D3, and cod liver oil, it has significantly reduced my joint pain associated with my profession, which involves vibration, while also aiding in cardiovascular disease.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
6
Eases bone pain
I found this supplement beneficial as I take one capsule daily for a year’s worth. Containing vitamins A, D3, and cod liver oil, it has significantly reduced my joint pain associated with my profession, which involves vibration, while also aiding in cardiovascular disease.
9
Strengthens immune system
The Vitamin Complex Solar D Gems from Carlson Labs includes vitamin D3, Omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins A and E. The Omega-3s help my cardiovascular health, brain function, and cholesterol levels. I highly recommend this supplement for overall health as it boosts immunity and aids in managing cardiovascular disease.
7.5
Supports heart function
The high-quality Omega and vitamin D3 are perfect for maintaining my cardiovascular health, skin, immune system, and nervous function. This supplement lowers cholesterol, features a natural composition, and has a pleasant lemon taste. The large packaging holds a substantial amount, providing excellent value.
7.5
Promotes bone health
This D3 supplement with Omega from cod liver is excellent for absorption. It supports bone health and is beneficial for the cardiovascular disease system. The dosage is good, and the brand consistently provides top quality.
7.5
Supports cardiovascular health
1 people found this helpful
It is very convenient to have a year’s supply of capsules in one jar, allowing me to focus on my health without worrying about reordering. The 4000 IU dosage is ideal for maintaining my vitamin D levels, and the small capsules are easy to swallow. Importantly, the inclusion of Omega-3, and vitamins A and E, supports my immunity and cardiovascular disease health.
5
We investigated how vitamin D influences exercise capability in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). In our study, we looked at 55 CHD patients and compared them to 55 healthy individuals of similar age and gender. We measured the vitamin D levels in participants and assessed their exercise performance, heart function, and muscle strength.
Surprisingly, we found that while 93% of CHD patients and 91% of the control group had low vitamin D levels, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Additionally, although we did not see a connection between vitamin D levels and factors like age, weight, or muscle strength, we did notice that higher vitamin D levels were related to better exercise capacity in those with CHD.
This suggests that vitamin D insufficiency is common among those with congenital heart defects and can hinder their ability to exercise. Importantly, we recommend more research to explore if vitamin D supplementation, alongside exercise programs, might benefit individuals with low vitamin D levels and improve their overall physical performance.
Surprisingly, we found that while 93% of CHD patients and 91% of the control group had low vitamin D levels, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Additionally, although we did not see a connection between vitamin D levels and factors like age, weight, or muscle strength, we did notice that higher vitamin D levels were related to better exercise capacity in those with CHD.
This suggests that vitamin D insufficiency is common among those with congenital heart defects and can hinder their ability to exercise. Importantly, we recommend more research to explore if vitamin D supplementation, alongside exercise programs, might benefit individuals with low vitamin D levels and improve their overall physical performance.
7
We examined how vitamin D levels, specifically 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], relate to the risk of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality in patients with gout. This study included data from 7,337 gout patients enrolled in the UK Biobank, following them for an average of 11.4 years. We looked closely at serum 25(OH)D measurements taken at the beginning of the study to draw connections between vitamin D levels and health outcomes.
Our findings suggested an interesting pattern. Patients with low 25(OH)D levels, specifically those below 45 nmol/L, had a higher risk of death from any cause compared to those with higher levels. In fact, those with levels of 45 nmol/L or more had about a 28% lower risk of dying from any cause. We also noted that increasing vitamin D levels above the deficiency threshold might help lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, with evidence suggesting that reaching at least 50 nmol/L is beneficial.
These results highlight the importance of maintaining adequate vitamin D levels for gout patients, as it appears to be linked to reduced mortality risk, particularly related to cardiovascular issues. This study adds to the growing conversation about vitamin D's role in heart health and suggest we may need to consider vitamin D supplementation in patient care strategies.
Our findings suggested an interesting pattern. Patients with low 25(OH)D levels, specifically those below 45 nmol/L, had a higher risk of death from any cause compared to those with higher levels. In fact, those with levels of 45 nmol/L or more had about a 28% lower risk of dying from any cause. We also noted that increasing vitamin D levels above the deficiency threshold might help lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, with evidence suggesting that reaching at least 50 nmol/L is beneficial.
These results highlight the importance of maintaining adequate vitamin D levels for gout patients, as it appears to be linked to reduced mortality risk, particularly related to cardiovascular issues. This study adds to the growing conversation about vitamin D's role in heart health and suggest we may need to consider vitamin D supplementation in patient care strategies.
8
Vitamin D benefits blood pressure management
We examined the role of vitamin D supplementation in managing hypertension, particularly its effects on cardiovascular health. After analyzing data from a systematic review and meta-analysis that included 24 relevant studies, we discovered that vitamin D has significant benefits for blood pressure.
The findings revealed that vitamin D supplementation was linked to a notable reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Specifically, vitamin D led to a decrease in systolic blood pressure by an average of 2.83 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.64 mmHg. This is promising news for those looking to manage hypertension more effectively.
Unlike calcium and magnesium, which only significantly lowered diastolic blood pressure but didn't impact systolic blood pressure or pulse rate, vitamin D showed consistent and significantly positive outcomes. Therefore, incorporating vitamin D into treatment plans for hypertensive patients could be a beneficial step toward improving cardiovascular health.
The findings revealed that vitamin D supplementation was linked to a notable reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Specifically, vitamin D led to a decrease in systolic blood pressure by an average of 2.83 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.64 mmHg. This is promising news for those looking to manage hypertension more effectively.
Unlike calcium and magnesium, which only significantly lowered diastolic blood pressure but didn't impact systolic blood pressure or pulse rate, vitamin D showed consistent and significantly positive outcomes. Therefore, incorporating vitamin D into treatment plans for hypertensive patients could be a beneficial step toward improving cardiovascular health.
7
We conducted an observational study to investigate how different vitamin D-based treatments affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our sample included 83 CKD patients, many of whom had previous CVD incidents. We measured the thickness of perirenal adipose tissue (PAT), which is believed to contribute to cardiovascular problems.
We discovered that patients with a history of CVD had thicker PAT compared to those without, indicating a potential link between this fat accumulation and cardiovascular health. Among the treatments, those taking paricalcitol experienced less PAT buildup than those taking cholecalciferol or calcitriol.
These findings suggest that vitamin D treatments may influence cardiovascular risk factors in CKD patients. However, it’s important to note that this is a preliminary study, and further research is needed to fully understand the connection between vitamin D, PAT, and CVD risk in this population.
We discovered that patients with a history of CVD had thicker PAT compared to those without, indicating a potential link between this fat accumulation and cardiovascular health. Among the treatments, those taking paricalcitol experienced less PAT buildup than those taking cholecalciferol or calcitriol.
These findings suggest that vitamin D treatments may influence cardiovascular risk factors in CKD patients. However, it’s important to note that this is a preliminary study, and further research is needed to fully understand the connection between vitamin D, PAT, and CVD risk in this population.
References
- Vanreusel I, Hens W, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Paelinck BP, Segers VFM, et al. Vitamin D levels correlate with exercise capacity in adults with CHD. Cardiol Young. 2025. doi:10.1017/S1047951125000526
- Fang X, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Ye D. Association between Vitamin D and mortality risk in gout patients. J Public Health (Oxf). 2025. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaf010
- Loh HH, Tay SP, Koa AJ, Yong MC, Said A, et al. Unveiling the benefits of Vitamin D3 with SGLT-2 inhibitors for hypertensive obese obstructive sleep apnea patients. J Transl Med. 2025;23:296. doi:10.1186/s12967-025-06312-w
- Amer SA, Abo-Elnour DE, Abbas A, Abdelrahman AS, Hamdy HM, et al. Calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D supplementations as complementary therapy for hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2025;25:89. doi:10.1186/s12906-025-04809-x
- Checa-Ros A, Locascio A, Okojie OJ, Abellán-Galiana P, D'Marco L. Perirenal fat differs in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving different vitamin D-based treatments: a preliminary study. BMC Nephrol. 2025;26:119. doi:10.1186/s12882-025-04041-2
- Liu C, Wongsonegoro H, Sheng T, Fan H, Zhang J. Associations between serum micronutrients and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality in a national representative population: Mediated by inflammatory biomarkers. Redox Biol. 2025;81:103573. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103573
- Zhang N, Wang Y, Li W, Wang Y, Zhang H, et al. Association between serum vitamin D level and cardiovascular disease in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2025;15:6454. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90785-8
- Zhang X, Liu J, Han L, Luo G, Jiang P, et al. Vitamin D reduces VSMC foam cell formation and protects against AS progression. J Endocrinol. 2025;265. doi:10.1530/JOE-24-0056
- Haghighatafshar M, Shekasteband B, Firuzyar T, Etemadi Z, Farhoudi F, et al. The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Coronary Artery Disease Severity Based on Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: A Cross-Sectional Study. Iran J Med Sci. 2025;50:31. doi:10.30476/ijms.2024.101112.3372
- Bulfone L, Vacca A, Brosolo G, Da Porto A, Bertin N, et al. Subclinical Carotid Disease Is Associated with Low Serum Vitamin D in Nondiabetic Middle-Aged Hypertensive Patients. Nutrients. 2025;17. doi:10.3390/nu17030480
- Li Q, Tong Y, Guo J, Liang X, Shao H, et al. Vitamin D Receptor Regulates Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Via the HIF-1α/HO-1 Pathway in Cardiomyocytes. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2025. doi:10.1007/s12013-025-01681-x
- Shi Y, Li H, Wu T, Wang Q, Zhu Q, et al. Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enhanced Autophagic Flux Improves Cardiac Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction by Targeting the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:1509421. doi:10.1155/2022/1509421
- Nilsen DWT, Myhre PL, Kalstad A, Schmidt EB, Arnesen H, et al. Serum Levels of Dihomo-Gamma (γ)-Linolenic Acid (DGLA) Are Inversely Associated with Linoleic Acid and Total Death in Elderly Patients with a Recent Myocardial Infarction. Nutrients. 2021;13. doi:10.3390/nu13103475
- Mal M, Kumar A, Meraj A, Devi A, Mañego AMB, et al. Role of Cod Liver Oil in Preventing Myocardial Infarction. Cureus. 2021;13:e16067. doi:10.7759/cureus.16067
- Kontostathi M, Isou S, Mostratos D, Vasdekis V, Demertzis N, et al. Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Rich Fish Oils on Hyperlipidemia: Effect of Eel, Sardine, Trout, and Cod Oils on Hyperlipidemic Mice. J Med Food. 2021;24:749. doi:10.1089/jmf.2020.0114
- Walquist MJ, Stormo SK, Østerud B, Elvevoll EO, Eilertsen KE. Cold-pressed minke whale oil reduces circulating LDL/VLDL-cholesterol, lipid oxidation and atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a Western-type diet for 13 weeks. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2018;15:35. doi:10.1186/s12986-018-0269-8
- Lentjes MAH, Keogh RH, Welch AA, Mulligan AA, Luben RN, et al. Longitudinal associations between marine omega-3 supplement users and coronary heart disease in a UK population-based cohort. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e017471. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017471
- Arnarson A, Geirsdottir OG, Ramel A, Jonsson PV, Steingrimsdottir L, et al. [Dietary habits and their association with blood pressure among elderly Icelandic people]. Laeknabladid. 2012;98:515. doi:10.17992/lbl.2012.10.455
- Papageorgiou N, Tousoulis D, Psaltopoulou T, Giolis A, Antoniades C, et al. Divergent anti-inflammatory effects of different oil acute consumption on healthy individuals. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65:514. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.8
- Ceylan-Isik A, Hünkar T, Aşan E, Kaymaz F, Ari N, et al. Cod liver oil supplementation improves cardiovascular and metabolic abnormalities in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2007;59:1629.
- Vermel' AE. [Clinical application of omega-3-fatty acids (cod-liver oil)]. Klin Med (Mosk). 2005;83:51.
- Pedersen JI, Tverdal A, Kirkhus B. [Diet changes and the rise and fall of cardiovascular disease mortality in Norway]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2004;124:1532.
- Kulakova SN, Gapparova KM, Pogozheva AV, Levachev MM. [Evaluation of the effects of fish and vegetable omega-3 PUFA complex on the erythrocyte fatty acid composition in patients with ischemic heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance]. Vopr Pitan. 1999;68:26.
- Vognild E, Elvevoll EO, Brox J, Olsen RL, Barstad H, et al. Effects of dietary marine oils and olive oil on fatty acid composition, platelet membrane fluidity, platelet responses, and serum lipids in healthy humans. Lipids. 1998;33:427.
- O'Shaughnessy M, Anderson GL, Acland RD, Barker JH. Platelet-derived thromboxane A2 decreases microvascular perfusion after arterial repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:834.
- Osterud B, Elvevoll E, Barstad H, Brox J, Halvorsen H, et al. Effect of marine oils supplementation on coagulation and cellular activation in whole blood. Lipids. 1995;30:1111.
- Kim DN, Eastman A, Baker JE, Mastrangelo A, Sethi S, et al. Fish oil, atherogenesis, and thrombogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995;748:474.
- Kim DN, Schmee J, Baker JE, Lunden GM, Sheehan CE, et al. Dietary fish oil reduces microthrombi over atherosclerotic lesions in hyperlipidemic swine even in the absence of plasma cholesterol reduction. Exp Mol Pathol. 1993;59:122.
- Meerson FZ, Belkina LM, Fu STs, Isaev VA. [Correction of disorders of cardiac electric stability in post-infarction cardiosclerosis using a diet enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids]. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1993;115:343.
- Barker JH, Gu JM, Anderson GL, O'Shaughnessy M, Pierangeli S, et al. The effects of heparin and dietary fish oil on embolic events and the microcirculation downstream from a small-artery repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;91:335.
- Hamaya R, Cook NR, Sesso HD, Buring JE, Manson JE. A Bayesian Analysis of the VITAL Trial: Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.02.028
- Liboriussen C, Nygaard L, Jensen JD, Schmidt EB, Glerup RI, et al. Low Plasma Marine N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are Associated with Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients Treated with Maintenance Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2025. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2025.02.001
- Yunoki K, Matsumi H, Miyoshi T, Kubo M, Hata Y, et al. Clinical Significance of Serum Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Under Statin Therapy. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12. doi:10.3390/jcdd12020060
- Ren Y, Chen B, Zhang H, Xu S. A cohort study reveals shared and distinct serum metabolic biomarkers for major adverse cardiovascular events in middle-aged and older adults. Geroscience. 2025. doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01544-6
- Tseng PT, Zeng BY, Hsu CW, Liang CS, Stubbs B, et al. The Optimal Dosage and Duration of ω-3 PUFA Supplementation in Heart Failure Management: Evidence from a Network Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2025;16:100366. doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100366
- Kim JY, Kong SYJ, Jung E, Cho YS. Omega-3 Fatty Acids as Potential Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;14. doi:10.3390/jcm14010026
- Arghavani H, Bilodeau JF, Rudkowska I. Association Between Circulating Fatty Acids and Blood Pressure: A Review. Curr Nutr Rep. 2025;14:15. doi:10.1007/s13668-024-00602-3
- Li J, Guo J, Yuen M, Yuen H, Peng Q. The comparative effects of ω-7 fatty acid-rich sea buckthorn oil and ω-3 fatty acid-rich DHA algal oil on improving high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Food Funct. 2025;16:1241. doi:10.1039/d4fo04961f
- Lamon-Fava S. Associations between omega-3 fatty acid-derived lipid mediators and markers of inflammation in older subjects with low-grade chronic inflammation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2025;176:106948. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2025.106948
- Berkowitz L, Echeverría G, Salazar C, Faúndez C, Coe CL, et al. Lipidomic Signature of Healthy Diet Adherence and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Risk in American Adults. Nutrients. 2024;16. doi:10.3390/nu16233995
- O'Keefe EL, O'Keefe JH, Abuissa H, Metzinger M, Murray E, et al. Omega-3 and Risk of atrial fibrillation: Vagally-mediated double-edged sword. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2024.11.003
- So J, Yao JH, Magadmi R, Matthan NR, Lamon-Fava S. Sex differences in lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids in older individuals with low-grade chronic inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2024;203:102655. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102655
- Choi GY, Calder PC. The differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1423228. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1423228
- Shi F, Chowdhury R, Sofianopoulou E, Koulman A, Sun L, et al. Association of circulating fatty acids with cardiovascular disease risk: analysis of individual-level data in three large prospective cohorts and updated meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025;32:233. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwae315
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